1. Europeans were familiar with lots of different spices, most important being pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, maize and nutmeg. 欧洲人熟悉许多不同的香料，最重要的是胡椒、丁香、生姜、肉桂、玉米和肉豆蔻。
2. Spices can come from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like cloves. 香料可以由肉桂等植物的树干、姜等的根、四叶草等的花蕾制成。
3. Cloves are the rich, brown, dried, unopened flower buds of syzygium aromaticum, an evergreen tree in the myrtle family. 丁香是常青树上的棕色未开花的花蕾，气味清香，营养丰富，桃金娘科植物的一种。
4. 2 garlic cloves, finely chopped. 2个大蒜，切成很细的小块。
5. "What's cloves?" asked Owen the Oaf. “丁香是什么？”呆子欧文问道。
