1. The condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography is confounding. 专门研究女性摄影史的学术研究状况是混乱的。
2. The beauty of the experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself. 实验设计的美妙之处在于它有效地排除了混淆变量；声学隔离确保了雌性只能对鸣声结构本身做出反应。
3. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. 没有参与这项研究的宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家尼娜·施特罗明格指出，她希望这种影响是真实的，但不能排除一些未知的混杂变量。
4. The second question is much more confounding. 第二个问题就更复杂一些。
5. Just what goes into well-being is confounding. 如何幸福，是一个让人混淆的问题。
