1. Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them useless. 他们推断，沉默基因积累随机突变，最终使它们变得无用。
2. For example, in the fruit fly, researchers have identified the gene Shaker, mutations in which cause flies to shake violently under anesthesia. 例如，在果蝇身上，研究人员发现了基因震荡器，这种突变导致果蝇在麻醉下剧烈摇晃。
3. Founder mutations are a class of disease-causing genetic mutations, each derived from its own ancestral "founder" in whom the mutation originated. 创始者突变是一类引起疾病的基因突变，每一种都源自其自身祖先的“创始者”。
4. Mutations are the ultimate cause of all the genetic differences, including the differences between a human and a banana, between a starfish and a toadstool. 突变是所有基因差异的最终原因,包括人类和香蕉，海星和伞菌之间差异。
5. This apparent anomaly is partially explained by the fact that most founder mutations are recessive: only a person with copies of the affected gene from both parents becomes ill. 大多数明显的创始人突变都是隐性的，可以解释这种明显的异常现象：只有双亲都拥有受影响基因副本的人才会生病。
